The Mysterious Disintegration
of Comet C/1999 S4 LINEAR
YOWUSA.COM, August 6, 2000
Marshall Masters
The
disintegration of Comet C/1999 S4 LINEAR was a unique astronomical event and has
been accompanied by the most violent rash of forest fires in the last
fifty years! At present, 62 wildfires are burning in 11 western
states. With the recent addition of 500 US Army soldiers, 20,000
people are now fighting fires that have already devastated more than
747,101 acres. As US Marines undergo fire fighting training, the
outlook for a downward trend is bleak unless weather conditions
change dramatically, and soon.
These fires have also impacted the efforts of independent astronomers to observe Comet LINEAR. Most notable is Mark Kidger, an astronomer at the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias who works at the observatories in La Palma and Tenerife.
CometLinear.com, 7/29/00
MARK KIDGER: Here, things got a bit unpleasant. A major forest fire started further down the mountain
about 5pm... We were warned that the fire - the worst in La Palma for some years - was out of control and could reach us in an hour...
CometLinear.com, 8/3/00
Mark Kidger: A whole series of amateurs have pointed me at their own images from around break-up. The best that I have seen so far have been from Jim Vail
in California. By a curious and unpleasant symmetry, his observations have also been hampered by a major forest fire nearby.
This article will first look at the present status of the comet, and then discuss the two most prominent theories as to why this comet disintegrated, along with some no so prominent theories as well.
Astronomers around the world continue to monitor the
unexpected disintegration of comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). Intense solar heating apparently triggered a massive disruption of the comet's fragile icy core when it passed close to the Sun last week.
International Astronomical
Union Circular No.7472, 3-Aug-200
COMET C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
M. Kidger, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias,
reports analysis of continued observations of C/1999 S4 at La Palma: "A 100-s exposure in R, taken by R. Corradi and N. O'Mahoney (Isaac Newton Group of
Telescopes) on Aug. 1.9 UT with the Wide Field Camera on the 2.5-m Isaac Newton Telescope, shows no evidence of a nuclear condensation or subnuclei within the coma. The seeing (measured from a short
exposure at the same airmass) was 1".5. It is thus highly improbable that any fragments of the nucleus of significant size exist within the coma. The coma shows a similar structure to that reported
previously, with a well-defined sunward boundary to the coma similar to the point of a lance, although the brightest part of the coma is now displaced > 1'
tailwards. The tail can be traced at least 20'."
SpaceWeather.com, 5-Aug-2000
Comet Linear Blew Apart
Comet LINEAR blew apart so thoroughly last week that astronomers can't find any sizable pieces fromComet LINEAR blew apart so thoroughly last week that astronomers can't find any sizable pieces from its
fractured icy core. New groundbased images of the comet obtained August 1st at the Isaac Newton Telescope revealed no fragments brighter than 22nd magnitude. Dr. Mark Kidger, who communicated the
observations in IAU Circular # 7472, says the new data "show no evidence of a nuclear condensation or subnuclei within the coma." The core has seemingly
dissolved into an amorphous haze of gas and dust.
NASA Comet Observation Home Page, 5-Aug-2000
C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) - The Fizzle of 2000
Charles S. Morris
I dislike the term "fizzle"...but what else can one call it. 99 S4 is now running between 2 and 2.5 magnitudes fainter than its
original predictions. Barring a major outburst (which seems highly unlikely), the comet may make m1 ~ 6.0. Assuming no heliocentric brightening (or fading!),the comet should brighten another 1.9
magnitudes due to decreasing geocentric distance.
I am back...finally. I have about 700 e-mail messages to go through and will be updating the page
over the next several days. I will update the most recent observations first and will work backward.
While Mr. Morris is clearing his e-mail, lets take a look at what might have happened.
Since the release of the July 5-7, 2000 images from the Hubble Space Telescope, the "official" debate at this point has split between two camps.
Mark Kidger and Brian Marsden on the right with the Dirty Snowball theory, and Zdenek Sekanina of JPL on the left with a Fragment Collision Theory.
Dirty Snowball Theory
Favoried by Mark Kidger of the Las Palmas observatory and Dr. Brian G. Marsden, an astronomer at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
in Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Marsden was one of the original founders of the now-defunct Space Guard effort to track near Earth objects) is the dirty snowball theory.
In simple terms, the essence of this theory is that the comet was collection of rock glued together by ice. As the ice melted, it disintegrated. Simple!
Mark Kidger and Brian Marsden: Here is what might have happened: As perihelion approaches, most of the ice on the sunward face of the nucleus has sublimed away and we see a
tailing-off of activity as the comet runs out of fresh ice to sublime.
At perihelion, fresh ice is exposed on the face of the nucleus previously in shadow. This provokes a large outburst of activity. The
outburst tails-off as the fresh ice is rapidly consumed by the heat of perihelion. After a period of strong activity, the comet exhausts most of its ice.
There is now nothing holding together the solids. The nucleus begins to fragment. As it does so, a small amount of fresh ice from the core of the nucleus is exposed which acts as a detonator,
subliming violently and pushing apart the fragments, causing the final, total disruption of the comet. The result is an expanding dust cloud with very little ice within it, which fades rapidly.
This sequence of events corresponds closely to what was seen.
While Kidger presents a very plausable theory based on his obersvations, he also tells us that he may not have the final answer to what remains a mystery.
Mark Kidger: Unlike Comet Ikeya-Seki, or Comet Maccholz 2, or Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 there are no discrete (Comet LINEAR) fragments that have survived the breakup Unlike Comet Ichimura,
Comet LINEAR was very highly condensed and apparently highly active until the moment that it broke-up - comets that simply disappear are almost always ill defined and highly diffuse objects,
without a prominent central condensation.
Why did Comet LINEAR break up? There are a whole series of theories about the breakup In fact, no one really knows why comets breakup at all.
Kidger's answer is refreshing because it states a simple truth - we do not know why! However, his comment about the"curious and unpleasant
symmetry" between forest fires and our interest Comet LINEAR begs the question: "Do comets cause forest fires?"
In other words, could the same forces that caused the disintegration of Comet LINEAR also have something to do with incredible number of fires now burning out of control across the globe?
But before we examine that possibility, we must give our attention to an equally plausible theory that explains the disintegration of Comet LINEAR
because the reason the comet disintegrated is the key to understanding everything else.
Fragment Collision Theory
Zdenek Sekanina of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA theorizes that S4 LINEAR collided with the trailing fragments of a much large comet.
Z. Sekanina, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reports: "The unusually large nongravitational forces found by B. G. Marsden (MPEC 2000-O07) suggest that comet C/1999 S4 was a trailing fragment of a more massive
comet that has been moving in the same orbit, arrived at perihelion long (centuries?) ago but (not surprisingly) was missed. Trailing fragments of known comet pairs have a tendency to sudden
disintegration (e.g., Sekanina 1997, A.Ap. 318, L5).
Sekanina has also studied the fragmentation and breakup of other comets to include Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Machholz 2 (P/1994 P1) but when it comes theories about comets and space, the NASA Dirty
Snowball theory stil rules the roost.
While Kidger favors the Dirty Snowball theory, he expresses the opinion that proving Sekanina's fragment collision theory would be highly unlikely.
KIDGER: One theory, proposed on a recent IAU Circular by Zdenek Sekanina is that Comet LINEAR is the trailing half of a comet that broke-up previously. This is an ingenious theory, although it
will be horribly difficult to prove. Given that Comet LINEAR has fallen in from about 1 light year from the Sun one has to understand why a comet falling in from so far out would break up.
However, this is not the first time that Sekanina has followed the beat of a different drummer and disagreed. Sekanina theory that Hale-Bopp had a
satellite was assailed by Harold Weaver at the Johns Hopkins University. When it comes to the Hubble Space Telescope, Weaver is the head
honcho. If you see an HST image on the web, it means that Weaver gave the OK.
We often received emails from people complaining about the mockery and abuse they receive from family, friends and co-workers when discussing this topic.
Our view is that this topic should never be introduced to others, until they demonstrate a geniune interest.
Nonetheless, those with a genuine interest in the topic will feel a natural urge to share their concerns about a possible threat to themselves and those close to them. Consequently, the most common questions they ask are, "where is Planet X, and what is the most likely worst case scenario?" GO
The Big Six Man-Made Catastrophic Scenarios for 2012 and Beyond — Survival Author Matthew Stein and Jacco van der Worp MSc
As moviegoers flock to see Sony's new 2012 film, critics, debunkers and cynics are spewing forth a flood of poison pen pronouncements.
Taken altogether, it is a bizarre twist on the Biblical story of Noah and the Flood — and with strikingly similar themes.
For those new to the topic of 2012, the film is great entertainment, but it also drives home an ancient failing of humanity. That the common folk are often the last to know, whether by their own choices or those made for them by wealthy and powerful elites. Ergo, many will never ask, "where will I be in 2012?" They'll just have enough time to ask, "My God, what's happening?" GO
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